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Dveras and Zavesas Given by Stephen the Great

Dveras and Zavesas Given by Stephen the Great

The function of these liturgical veils is connected to the separation of the altar from the nave in the period preceding the apparition and development of today’s iconostasis.

The dveras covered the empty spaces beneath the icons, through which one circulated between the altar and the nave, with the possibility of sliding on verges to open or close the respective spaces. Their name comes from the Slavonic: “door”. They were placed at the upper part of the templon to cover the empty spaces. Only three embroidered dveras are kept at the Putna Monastery, two of them donated by Stephen the Great, and one belonging to Bogdan III, as well as two zavesas.

The <i>Ascension zavesa</i>, 1484.
The Ascension zavesa, 1484. On the lower part edge, it bears the inscription: “Io Stephen Voivode, prince of Moldavia, hath this zavesa made for Putna Monastery, v let 6992, on the 1st day of April”.

The Ascension zavesa was donated to Putna by Stephen the Great. The iconographic plan unfolds on two registers. In the first register, at the upper part of the piece, the Son of God is represented ascending in glory from earth to the heavens. Two archangels – Raphael and Uriel – accompany Him, with the sun and the moon embroidered to their right and left. In the lower part register of the zavesa, the Most Holy Mother of God is accompanied by Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel. On the sides are the Holy Apostles, in two groups, with a palm tree at the edges. Above the faces of the Holy Apostles are sewn the initials of their names.

The <i>Dormition of the Mother of God zavesa</i>, 1485.
The Dormition of the Mother of God zavesa, 1485. On the lower part edge is inscribed: “This zavesa was made Io Stephen Voivode, by the grace of God Prince of Moldavia, son of Bogdan Voivode, at the Putna Monastery, in the year 6993, May 5”.

The Dormition of the Mother of God zavesa was gifted to the Putna Monastery by Stephen the Great. In the center of the icon, the lifeless body of the Mother of God is placed on a sumptuous bier covered in porphyry-colored material, with embroidered edges. Represented next to it is our Saviour Jesus Christ in glory, accompanied by four Holy Archangels and a seraphim. Our Savior holds in His arms the soul of His Mother, towards which the angels look piously and lovingly. Around the Holy Mother, in a calm stance, are represented the Holy Apostles and four other saints. In the lower part of the icon is embroidered Archangel Michael, cutting with his sword the hands of Jephonia the Jew, who intended to topple down the coffin. Three of the edges are adorned with a border made of semi-palmetto leaves.

The themes of the dveras and zavesas

Some of Putna’s embroideries – especially dveras – suggest the existence of a thematic unity, which is rather difficult to discern after so many pieces were lost. For instance, on the four dveras preserved from Stephen the Great, we have the icons of the Annunciation, Crucifixion, Ascension and Dormition of the Mother of God. Most probably, these dveras were once part of a whole Royal Feast series. On the other hand, the consecutive years when two of these dveras were embroidered, 1484 and 1485, suggest a special interest in this type of decorative veils and must have required sustained, coherent effort and even a long-term program that the masters strived to follow.


The Dormition of the Mother of God zavesa, 1485. Detail.

The <i>Dormition of the Mother of God zavesa</i>, 1485. Detail.
The <i>Annunciation dvera</i>, 15th-16th centuries.
The Annunciation dvera, 15th-16th centuries. On the lower edge, the following inscription is embroidered: “This dvera was made by Io Stephen Voivode, son of Bogdan Voivode, at the monastery of Putna, on the 13th of June”.

Sometime towards the end of the 15th century, on June 13, Stephen the Great gifted Putna with a dvera embroidered with the Annunciation icon. Its composition is lavish and full of meaning. The Mother of God is represented in the foreground receiving Archangel Gabriel with the good tidings, which is God’s will to take flesh in her womb and become Man for the salvation of mankind from the slavery of sin. The Virgin says, “Behold the maidservant of the Lord! Let it be to me according to your word” (Luke 1:38). What impresses most in the composition is the Virgin’s face, full of profound humility and inner purity. It may be the most beautiful depiction of the Virgin Mary among Putna’s embroideries. In the background, the Holy Spirit, represented as a dove, descends over the Virgin, shadowing her and thus accomplishing the mystery of the Incarnation of the Lord. David and Solomon are represented to the left and the right, each with a prophecy in his hands: “The Lord said to my Lord: [Sit at My right hand, Till I make Your enemies Your footstool]” (Psalms 110:1) and “Wisdom has built Her house” (Proverbs 9:1). The first text talks about God having a Son, His equal in glory, while the second prophecy talks about the Word of God becoming Man at the fullness of time, His “house” being the human body He would assume from Virgin Mary.

Technical characteristics

The Ascension and Dormition of the Mother of God zavesas, as well as the Annunciation dvera have approximately the same dimensions. The lettering style and size, as well as the framing of the inscriptions with borders, are all the same. The Dormition of the Mother of God zavesa and the Annunciation dvera are even more similar, with a background made of the same blue silk cloth which is found only in these two pieces; the tunic of the Virgin is similarly represented in both embroideries, worked with the same brown silk threads. Because of these similarities, it seems very likely that these two embroideries were executed by the same embroiderer, or at least under the direction of the same craftsman.


The Annunciation dvera. Detail: The Mother of God’s face.

The <i>Annunciation dvera</i>. Detail.
The <i>Crucifixion dvera</i>, 1500.
The Crucifixion dvera, 1500. At the lower edge is written: “Io Stephen Voivode, son of Bogdan Voivode, and his lady Mary, daughter of Radu Voivode, hath this dvera made for his Putna monastery in the 44th year of his reign, year 7008, the 10th of August”.

On August 10, 1500, Stephen the Great donated to his necropolis the Crucifixion dvera. To the right and left of the Cross, on a red background, one can see the Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene, Saint John the Apostle, a few myrrh bearers, Saint Longinus the Centurion, Joseph of Arimathea, and Nicodemus. The composition “impresses through its loftiness, the majesty of its characters and their grieving and restrained love, expressed with noble distinction”. The icon irradiates a deep sense of the sacred and a huge power of transfiguration. Prince Stephen is represented in the lower left corner in a pendant with his consort, Mary, depicted on the other side of the piece. They seem to be effectively participating in the Crucifixion scene. The representation of the Prince of Moldavia specifically on this icon could symbolize a legacy, also assumed by Bogdan III on the Dormition dvera from 1510.